CRYPT(3)                 BSD Library Functions Manual                 CRYPT(3)

NAME
     crypt, encrypt, setkey -- DES encryption

SYNOPSIS
     #include <unistd.h>

     char *
     crypt(const char *key, const char *salt);

     void
     encrypt(char *block, int edflag);

     #include <stdlib.h>

     void
     setkey(const char *key);

DESCRIPTION
     The crypt() function performs password encryption, based on the NBS Data
     Encryption Standard (DES).  Additional code has been added to deter key
     search attempts.  The first argument to crypt() is a null-terminated
     string, typically a user's typed password.  The second is in one of two
     forms: if it begins with an underscore (``_''), an extended format is
     used in interpreting both the key and the salt value, as outlined below.

   Extended crypt:
     The key is divided into groups of 8 characters (the last group is null-
     padded) and the low-order 7 bits of each each character (56 bits per
     group) are used to form the DES key as follows: the first group of 56
     bits becomes the initial DES key.  For each additional group, the XOR of
     the encryption of the current DES key with itself and the group bits
     becomes the next DES key.

     The salt is a 9-character array consisting of an underscore, followed by
     4 bytes of iteration count and 4 bytes of salt.  These are encoded as
     printable characters, 6 bits per character, least significant character
     first.  The values 0 to 63 are encoded as ``./0-9A-Za-z''.  This allows
     24 bits for both count and salt.

   Traditional crypt:
     The first 8 bytes of the key are null-padded, and the low-order 7 bits of
     each character is used to form the 56-bit DES key.

     The salt is a 2-character array of the ASCII-encoded salt.  Thus, only 12
     bits of salt are used.  count is set to 25.

   Algorithm:
     The salt introduces disorder in the DES algorithm in one of 16777216 or
     4096 possible ways (ie. with 24 or 12 bits: if bit i of the salt is set,
     then bits i and i+24 are swapped in the DES E-box output).

     The DES key is used to encrypt a 64-bit constant, using count iterations
     of DES.  The value returned is a null-terminated string, 20 or 13 bytes
     (plus null) in length, consisting of the salt, followed by the encoded
     64-bit encryption.

     The functions, encrypt() and setkey() provide access to the DES algorithm
     itself.  setkey() is passed a 64-byte array of binary values (numeric 0
     or 1).  A 56-bit key is extracted from this array by dividing the array
     into groups of 8 and ignoring the last bit in each group.  That bit is
     reserved for a byte parity check by DES, but is ignored by these func-
     tions.

     The block argument to encrypt() is also a 64-byte array of binary values.
     If the value of edflag is 0, block is encrypted; otherwise, it is
     decrypted.  The result is returned in the original array block, after
     using the key specified by setkey() to process it.

     The function crypt() returns a pointer to the encrypted value on success,
     and NULL on failure.

     The crypt() and setkey() functions all manipulate the same key space.

SEE ALSO
     login(1), passwd(1), getpass(3), compat(5), passwd(5)

LEGACY SYNOPSIS
     #include <unistd.h>

     int
     encrypt(char *block, int edflag);

     The function encrypt() returns 0 on success and 1 on failure.

     void
     setkey(const char *key);

     The include file <unistd.h> is necessary and sufficient for the setkey()
     function.

BUGS
     The crypt() function returns a pointer to static data, and subsequent
     calls to crypt() will modify the same object.

HISTORY
     A rotor-based crypt() function appeared in Version 6 AT&T UNIX.  The cur-
     rent style crypt() first appeared in Version 7 AT&T UNIX.

     This library (FreeSec 1.0) was developed outside the United States of
     America as an unencumbered replacement for the U.S.-only libcrypt encryp-
     tion library.  Programs linked against the crypt() interface may be
     exported from the U.S.A. only if they use crypt() solely for authentica-
     tion purposes and avoid use of the other programmer interfaces listed
     above. Special care has been taken in the library so that programs which
     only use the crypt() interface do not pull in the other components.

AUTHOR
     David Burren <davidb@werj.com.au>

FreeSec 1.0                      March 9, 1994                     FreeSec 1.0