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Unix manual page for launchd.plist. (host=minya system=Darwin)
launchd.plist(5) BSD File Formats Manual launchd.plist(5)
NAME
launchd.plist -- System wide and per-user daemon/agent configuration
files
DESCRIPTION
This document details the parameters that can be given to an XML property
list that can be loaded into launchd with launchctl.
EXPECTATIONS
Daemons or agents managed by launchd are expected to behave certain ways.
A daemon or agent launched by launchd MUST NOT do the following in the
process directly launched by launchd:
o Call daemon(3).
o Do the moral equivalent of daemon(3) by calling fork(2) and
have the parent process exit(3) or _exit(2).
A launchd daemon or agent should not perform the following as part of its
initialization, as launchd will always implicitly perform them on behalf
of the process.
o Redirect stdio(3) to /dev/null.
A launchd daemon or agent need not perform the following as part of its
initialization, since launchd can perform them on the process' behalf
with the appropriate launchd.plist keys specified.
o Setup the user ID or group ID.
o Setup the working directory.
o chroot(2)
o setsid(2)
o Close "stray" file descriptors.
o Setup resource limits with setrlimit(2).
o Setup priority with setpriority(2).
A daemon or agent launched by launchd SHOULD:
o Launch on demand given criteria specified in the XML property
list. More information can be found later in this man page.
o Handle the SIGTERM signal, preferably with a dispatch(3)
source, and respond to this signal by unwinding any outstanding
work quickly and then exiting.
A daemon or agent launched by launchd MUST:
o check in for any MachServices advertised in its plist, using
xpc_connection_create_mach_service(3) (or
bootstrap_check_in(3)) if it uses MIG or raw Mach for communi-
cation
o check in for any LaunchEvents advertised in its plist, using
xpc_set_event_stream_handler(3)
XML PROPERTY LIST KEYS
The following keys can be used to describe the configuration details of
your daemon or agent. Property lists are Apple's standard configuration
file format. Please see plist(5) for more information. Please note:
property list files are expected to have their name end in ".plist". Also
please note that it is the expected convention for launchd property list
files to be named <Label>.plist. Thus, if your job label is
"com.apple.sshd", your plist file should be named "com.apple.sshd.plist".
Label <string>
This required key uniquely identifies the job to launchd.
Disabled <boolean>
This optional key specifies whether the job should be loaded by default.
Note that this key may be overridden through the enable subcommand of
launchctl(3). Previous Darwin operating systems would modify the config-
uration file's value for this key, but now this state is kept externally.
UserName <string>
This optional key specifies the user to run the job as. This key is only
applicable for services that are loaded into the privileged system
domain.
GroupName <string>
This optional key specifies the group to run the job as. This key is only
applicable for services that are loaded into the privileged system
domain. If UserName is set and GroupName is not, then the group will be
set to the primary group of the user.
inetdCompatibility <dictionary>
The presence of this key specifies that the daemon expects to be run as
if it were launched from inetd. For new projects, this key should be
avoided.
Wait <boolean>
This flag corresponds to the "wait" or "nowait" option of inetd. If
true, then the listening socket is passed via the stdio(3) file
descriptors. If false, then accept(2) is called on behalf of the
job, and the result is passed via the stdio(3) descriptors.
LimitLoadToHosts <array of strings>
This configuration file only applies to the hosts listed with this key.
This key is no longer supported.
LimitLoadFromHosts <array of strings>
This configuration file only applies to hosts NOT listed with this key.
This key is no longer supported.
LimitLoadToSessionType <string or array or strings>
This configuration file only applies to sessions of the type(s) speci-
fied. This key only applies to jobs which are agents. There are no dis-
tinct sessions in the privileged system context.
LimitLoadToHardware <dictionary of arrays>
This configuration file only applies to the hardware listed with this
key. Each key in the dictionary defines a subdomain of the "hw" sysctl(3)
domain. Each value of the value defines valid values for the job to load.
So a key of "model" with an array specifying only "MacBookPro4,2" would
only load on a machine whose "hw.model" value was "MacBookPro4,2".
Program <string>
This key maps to the first argument of execv(3) and indicates the abso-
lute path to the executable for the job. If this key is missing, then the
first element of the array of strings provided to the ProgramArguments
will be used instead. This key is required in the absence of the
ProgramArguments key.
ProgramArguments <array of strings>
This key maps to the second argument of execvp(3) and specifies the argu-
ment vector to be passed to the job when a process is spawned. This key
is required in the absence of the Program key. IMPORTANT: Many people
are confused by this key. Please read execvp(3) very carefully!
NOTE: The Program key must be an absolute path. Previous versions of
launchd did not enforce this requirement but failed to run the job. In
the absence of the Program key, the first element of the ProgramArguments
array may be either an absolute path, or a relative path which is
resolved using _PATH_STDPATH.
EnableGlobbing <boolean>
This flag causes launchd to use the glob(3) mechanism to update the pro-
gram arguments before invocation.
EnableTransactions <boolean>
This key instructs launchd that the job promises to use
xpc_transaction_begin(3) and xpc_transaction_end(3) to track outstanding
transactions that need to be reconciled before the process can safely
terminate. If no outstanding transactions are in progress, then launchd
will SIGKILL the process when it determines that the job needs to be
stopped.
EnablePressuredExit <boolean>
This key opts the job into the system's Pressured Exit facility. Use of
this key implies the same responsibilities as use of the
EnableTransactions key, but it also enables automatic tracking of activ-
ity based on XPC message lifetime. If the job becomes clean, the system
will consider it eligible for reclamation under memory pressure. See
xpc_main(3) for details.
NOTE: Jobs which opt into Pressured Exit have a more heavily-managed
lifecycle than normal jobs, and they will be automatically relaunched if
they exit while holding open transactions. Therefore, launchd(8) does not
respect KeepAlive criteria for jobs which have opted into Pressured Exit.
IMPORTANT: Jobs which opt into Pressured Exit will ignore SIGTERM rather
than exiting by default, so a dispatch(3) source must be used when han-
dling this signal.
OnDemand <boolean>
This key does nothing if set to true. If set to false, this key is equiv-
alent to specifying a true value for the KeepAlive key. This key should
not be used. Please remove this key from your launchd.plist.
ServiceIPC <boolean>
Please remove this key from your launchd.plist.
KeepAlive <boolean or dictionary of stuff>
This optional key is used to control whether your job is to be kept con-
tinuously running or to let demand and conditions control the invocation.
The default is false and therefore only demand will start the job. The
value may be set to true to unconditionally keep the job alive. Alterna-
tively, a dictionary of conditions may be specified to selectively con-
trol whether launchd keeps a job alive or not. If multiple keys are pro-
vided, launchd ORs them, thus providing maximum flexibility to the job to
refine the logic and stall if necessary. If launchd finds no reason to
restart the job, it falls back on demand based invocation. Jobs that
exit quickly and frequently when configured to be kept alive will be
throttled to conserve system resources.
SuccessfulExit <boolean>
If true, the job will be restarted as long as the program exits and
with an exit status of zero. If false, the job will be restarted
in the inverse condition. This key implies that "RunAtLoad" is set
to true, since the job needs to run at least once before an exit
status can be determined.
NetworkState <boolean>
This key is no longer implemented as it never acted how most users
expected.
PathState <dictionary of booleans>
Each key in this dictionary is a file-system path. If the value of
the key is true, then the job will be kept alive as long as the
path exists. If false, the job will be kept alive in the inverse
condition. The intent of this feature is that two or more jobs may
create semaphores in the file- system namespace. The following
example keeps the job alive as long as the file /path/to/file
exists.
<key>KeepAlive</key>
<dict>
<key>PathState</key>
<dict>
<key>/path/to/file</key>
<true/>
</dict>
</dict>
IMPORTANT: Filesystem monitoring mechanisms are inherently race-
prone and lossy. This option should be avoided in favor of demand-
based alternatives using IPC.
OtherJobEnabled <dictionary of booleans>
Each key in this dictionary is the name of another job. If the
value is true, then the job will be kept alive as long as one of
the specified other jobs is loaded in launchd(8).
NOTE: This key only evaluates whether the job is loaded, not
whether it is running. Use of this key is highly discouraged. If
multiple jobs need to coordinate coordinate their lifecycles, they
should establish contracts using IPC.
Crashed <boolean>
If true, the the job will be restarted as long as it exited due to
a signal which is typically associated with a crash (SIGILL,
SIGSEGV, etc.). If false, the job will be restarted in the inverse
condition.
RunAtLoad <boolean>
This optional key is used to control whether your job is launched once at
the time the job is loaded. The default is false. This key should be
avoided, as speculative job launches have an adverse effect on system-
boot and user-login scenarios.
RootDirectory <string>
This optional key is used to specify a directory to chroot(2) to before
running the job.
IMPORTANT: iOS and OS X both make significant use of IPC to implement
features. The details of the communication between a client and server
are typically implemented in dynamic library code that is abstracted away
from the caller beneath the API boundary so that the client of a daemon
is not aware of any IPC that is happening.
So unless the library stack which exists in the jail specified by this
key or a call to chroot(2) is identical to the one shipping on the sys-
tem, there is no guarantee that a process running in that jail will know
how to communicate with the daemons on the system. Mismatches in the
library stack between the jail and the system can manifest as random
failures, hangs and crashes.
For these reasons, it is highly recommended that you avoid making use of
this key unless you have taken special precautions to ensure that the job
in question never attempts any IPC by setting the XPC_NULL_BOOTSTRAP
environment variable to a value of "1". Note that even if you have done
this, you must also take special care to propagate this environment vari-
able to any child processes your job may spawn through fork(2) or
posix_spawn(2). And even if you have done that, there is no guarantee
that any subprocesses spawned by your child processes will take care to
do the same thing unless you completely control all possible chains of
execution, which is unlikely.
WorkingDirectory <string>
This optional key is used to specify a directory to chdir(2) to before
running the job.
EnvironmentVariables <dictionary of strings>
This optional key is used to specify additional environmental variables
to be set before running the job. Each key in the dictionary is the name
of an environment variable, with the corresponding value being a string
representing the desired value. NOTE: Values other than strings will be
ignored.
Umask <integer or string>
This optional key specifies what value should be passed to umask(2)
before running the job. If the value specified is an integer, it must be
a decimal representation of the desired umask, as property lists do not
support encoding integers in octal. If a string is given, the string will
be converted into an integer as per the rules described in strtoul(3),
and an octal value may be specified by prefixing the string with a '0'.
If a string that does not cleanly convert to an integer is specified, the
behavior will be to set a umask(2) according to the strtoul(3) parsing
rules.
TimeOut <integer>
The recommended idle time out (in seconds) to pass to the job. This key
never did anything interesting and is no longer implemented. Jobs seeking
to exit when idle should use the EnablePressuredExit key to opt into the
system mechanism for reclaiming killable jobs under memory pressure.
ExitTimeOut <integer>
The amount of time launchd waits between sending the SIGTERM signal and
before sending a SIGKILL signal when the job is to be stopped. The
default value is system-defined. The value zero is interpreted as infin-
ity and should not be used, as it can stall system shutdown forever.
ThrottleInterval <integer>
This key lets one override the default throttling policy imposed on jobs
by launchd. The value is in seconds, and by default, jobs will not be
spawned more than once every 10 seconds. The principle behind this is
that jobs should linger around just in case they are needed again in the
near future. This not only reduces the latency of responses, but it
encourages developers to amortize the cost of program invocation.
InitGroups <boolean>
This optional key specifies whether initgroups(3) to initialize the group
list for the job. The default is true. This key will be ignored if the
UserName key is not set. Note that for agents, the UserName key is
ignored.
WatchPaths <array of strings>
This optional key causes the job to be started if any one of the listed
paths are modified.
IMPORTANT: Use of this key is highly discouraged, as filesystem event
monitoring is highly race-prone, and it is entirely possible for modifi-
cations to be missed. When modifications are caught, there is no guaran-
tee that the file will be in a consistent state when the job is launched.
QueueDirectories <array of strings>
This optional key keeps the job alive as long as the directory or direc-
tories specified are not empty.
StartOnMount <boolean>
This optional key causes the job to be started every time a filesystem is
mounted.
StartInterval <integer>
This optional key causes the job to be started every N seconds. If the
system is asleep during the time of the next scheduled interval firing,
that interval will be missed due to shortcomings in kqueue(3). If the
job is running during an interval firing, that interval firing will like-
wise be missed.
StartCalendarInterval <dictionary of integers or array of dictionaries of
integers>
This optional key causes the job to be started every calendar interval as
specified. Missing arguments are considered to be wildcard. The semantics
are similar to crontab(5) in how firing dates are specified. Multiple
dictionaries may be specified in an array to schedule multiple calendar
intervals.
Unlike cron which skips job invocations when the computer is asleep,
launchd will start the job the next time the computer wakes up. If mul-
tiple intervals transpire before the computer is woken, those events will
be coalesced into one event upon wake from sleep.
Note that StartInterval and StartCalendarInterval are not aware of each
other. They are evaluated completely independently by the system.
Minute <integer>
The minute (0-59) on which this job will be run.
Hour <integer>
The hour (0-23) on which this job will be run.
Day <integer>
The day of the month (1-31) on which this job will be run.
Weekday <integer>
The weekday on which this job will be run (0 and 7 are Sunday). If
both Day and Weekday are specificed, then the job will be started
if either one matches the current date.
Month <integer>
The month (1-12) on which this job will be run.
StandardInPath <string>
This optional key specifies that the given path should be mapped to the
job's stdin(4), and that the contents of that file will be readable from
the job's stdin(4). If the file does not exist, no data will be deliv-
ered to the process' stdin(4).
StandardOutPath <string>
This optional key specifies that the given path should be mapped to the
job's stdout(4), and that any writes to the job's stdout(4) will go to
the given file. If the file does not exist, it will be created with
writable permissions and ownership reflecting the user and/or group spec-
ified as the UserName and/or GroupName, respectively (if set) and permis-
sions reflecting the umask(2) specified by the Umask key, if set.
StandardErrorPath <string>
This optional key specifies that the given path should be mapped to the
job's stderr(4), and that any writes to the job's stderr(4) will go to
the given file. Note that this file is opened as readable and writable as
mandated by the POSIX specification for unclear reasons. If the file
does not exist, it will be created with ownership reflecting the user
and/or group specified as the UserName and/or GroupName, respectively (if
set) and permissions reflecting the umask(2) specified by the Umask key,
if set.
Debug <boolean>
This optional key specifies that launchd should adjust its log mask tem-
porarily to LOG_DEBUG while dealing with this job.
WaitForDebugger <boolean>
This optional key specifies that launchd should launch the job in a sus-
pended state so that a debugger can be attached to the process as early
as possible (at the first instruction).
SoftResourceLimits <dictionary of integers>
HardResourceLimits <dictionary of integers>
Resource limits to be imposed on the job. These adjust variables set with
setrlimit(2). The following keys apply:
Core <integer>
The largest size (in bytes) core file that may be created.
CPU <integer>
The maximum amount of cpu time (in seconds) to be used by each
process.
Data <integer>
The maximum size (in bytes) of the data segment for a process; this
defines how far a program may extend its break with the sbrk(2)
system call.
FileSize <integer>
The largest size (in bytes) file that may be created.
MemoryLock <integer>
The maximum size (in bytes) which a process may lock into memory
using the mlock(2) function.
NumberOfFiles <integer>
The maximum number of open files for this process. Setting this
value in a system wide daemon will set the sysctl(3) kern.maxfiles
(SoftResourceLimits) or kern.maxfilesperproc (HardResourceLimits)
value in addition to the setrlimit(2) values.
NumberOfProcesses <integer>
The maximum number of simultaneous processes for this UID. Setting
this value in a system wide daemon will set the sysctl(3) kern.max-
proc (SoftResourceLimits) or kern.maxprocperuid (HardResourceLim-
its) value in addition to the setrlimit(2) values.
ResidentSetSize <integer>
The maximum size (in bytes) to which a process's resident set size
may grow. This imposes a limit on the amount of physical memory to
be given to a process; if memory is tight, the system will prefer
to take memory from processes that are exceeding their declared
resident set size.
Stack <integer>
The maximum size (in bytes) of the stack segment for a process;
this defines how far a program's stack segment may be extended.
Stack extension is performed automatically by the system.
Nice <integer>
This optional key specifies what nice(3) value should be applied to the
daemon.
ProcessType <string>
This optional key describes, at a high level, the intended purpose of the
job. The system will apply resource limits based on what kind of job it
is. If left unspecified, the system will apply light resource limits to
the job, throttling its CPU usage and I/O bandwidth. This classification
is preferable to using the HardResourceLimits, SoftResourceLimits and
Nice keys. The following are valid values:
Background
Background jobs are generally processes that do work that was not
directly requested by the user. The resource limits applied to
Background jobs are intended to prevent them from disrupting the
user experience.
Standard
Standard jobs are equivalent to no ProcessType being set.
Adaptive
Adaptive jobs move between the Background and Interactive classifi-
cations based on activity over XPC connections. See
xpc_transaction_begin(3) for details.
Interactive
Interactive jobs run with the same resource limitations as apps,
that is to say, none. Interactive jobs are critical to maintaining
a responsive user experience, and this key should only be used if
an app's ability to be responsive depends on it, and cannot be made
Adaptive.
AbandonProcessGroup <boolean>
When a job dies, launchd kills any remaining processes with the same
process group ID as the job. Setting this key to true disables that
behavior.
LowPriorityIO <boolean>
This optional key specifies whether the kernel should consider this dae-
mon to be low priority when doing filesystem I/O.
LowPriorityBackgroundIO <boolean>
This optional key specifies whether the kernel should consider this dae-
mon to be low priority when doing filesystem I/O when the process is
throttled with the Darwin-background classification.
LaunchOnlyOnce <boolean>
This optional key specifies whether the job can only be run once and only
once. In other words, if the job cannot be safely respawned without a
full machine reboot, then set this key to be true.
MachServices <dictionary of booleans or a dictionary of dictionaries>
This optional key is used to specify Mach services to be registered with
the Mach bootstrap namespace. Each key in this dictionary should be the
name of a service to be advertised. The value of the key must be a
boolean and set to true or a dictionary in order for the service to be
advertised. Valid keys in this dictionary are:
ResetAtClose <boolean>
The default value for this keyis false, and so the port is recy-
cled, thus leaving clients to remain oblivious to the demand nature
of the job. If the value is set to true, clients receive port death
notifications when the job lets go of the receive right. The port
will be recreated atomically with respect to bootstrap_look_up()
calls, so that clients can trust that after receiving a port-death
notification, the new port will have already been recreated. Set-
ting the value to true should be done with care. Not all clients
may be able to handle this behavior. The default value is false.
Note that this option is not compatible with xpc(3), which automat-
ically handles notifying clients of interrupted connections and
server death.
HideUntilCheckIn <boolean>
Reserve the name in the namespace, but cause bootstrap_look_up() to
fail until the job has checked in with launchd.
This option is incompatible with xpc(3), which relies on the con-
stant availability of services. This option also encourages polling
for service availability and is therefore generally discouraged.
Future implementations will penalize use of this option in subtle
and creative ways.
Jobs can dequeue messages from the MachServices they advertised
with xpc_connection_create_mach_service(3) or bootstrap_check_in()
API (to obtain the underlying port's receive right) and the Mach
APIs to dequeue messages from that port.
Sockets <dictionary of dictionaries... OR dictionary of array of
dictionaries...>
This optional key is used to specify launch on demand sockets that can be
used to let launchd know when to run the job. The job must check-in to
get a copy of the file descriptors using the launch_activate_sockets(3)
API. The keys of the top level Sockets dictionary can be anything. These
keys are meant for the application developer to associate which socket
descriptors correspond to which application level protocols (e.g. http
vs. ftp vs. DNS...).
The parameters below are used as inputs to call getaddrinfo(3).
SockType <string>
This optional key tells launchctl what type of socket to create.
The default is "stream" and other valid values for this key are
"dgram" and "seqpacket" respectively.
SockPassive <boolean>
This optional key specifies whether listen(2) or connect(2) should
be called on the created file descriptor. The default is true, to
listen for new connections.
SockNodeName <string>
This optional key specifies the node to connect(2) or bind(2) to.
SockServiceName <string or integer>
This optional key specifies the service on the node to connect(2)
or bind(2) to. It may be a port number represented as an integer or
a service name represented as a string ("ssh", "telnet", etc.)
SockFamily <string>
This optional key can be used to specifically request that "IPv4"
or "IPv6" socket(s) be created. An additional option, "IPv4v6"
indicates that a single socket that listens for both IPv4 and IPv6
connections should be created.
SockProtocol <string>
This optional key specifies the protocol to be passed to socket(2).
The only values understood by this key at the moment are "TCP" and
"UDP".
SockPathName <string>
This optional key implies SockFamily is set to "Unix". It specifies
the path to connect(2) or bind(2) to.
SecureSocketWithKey <string>
This optional key is a variant of SockPathName. Instead of binding
to a known path, a securely generated socket is created and the
path is assigned to the environment variable that is inherited by
all jobs spawned in the job's context.
SockPathOwner <integer>
This optional key specifies the user ID that should be the domain
socket's owner.
SockPathGroup <integer>
This optional key specifies the group ID that should be set as the
domain socket's group.
SockPathMode <integer>
This optional key specifies the mode of the socket. Known bug:
Property lists don't support octal, so please convert the value to
decimal.
Bonjour <boolean or string or array of strings>
This optional key can be used to request that the service be regis-
tered with the the Bonjour subsystem. If the value is boolean, the
service name is inferred from the SockServiceName.
MulticastGroup <string>
This optional key can be used to request that the datagram socket
join a multicast group. If the value is a hostname, then
getaddrinfo(3) will be used to join the correct multicast address
for a given socket family. If an explicit IPv4 or IPv6 address is
given, it is required that the SockFamily family also be set, oth-
erwise the results are undefined.
LaunchEvents <dictionary of dictionaries of dictionaries>
Specifies higher-level event types to be used as launch-on-demand event
sources. Each sub-dictionary defines events for a particular event sub-
system, such as "com.apple.iokit.matching", which can be used to launch
jobs based on the appearance of nodes in the IORegistry. Each dictionary
within the sub-dictionary specifies an event descriptor that is specified
to each event subsystem. With this key, the job promises to use the
xpc_set_event_stream_handler(3) API to consume events. See xpc_events(3)
for more details on event sources.
HopefullyExitsLast <string>
This key was a hack for jobs which could not properly keep track of their
clients and is no longer implemented.
HopefullyExitsFirst <string>
This key was a hack for jobs which could not properly keep track of their
clients and is no longer implemented.
SessionCreate <boolean>
This key specifies that the job should be spawned into a new security
audit session rather than the default session for the context is belongs
to. See auditon(2) for details.
LegacyTimers <boolean>
This optional key controls the behavior of timers created by the job. By
default on OS X Mavericks version 10.9 and later, timers created by
launchd jobs are coalesced. Batching the firing of timers with similar
deadlines improves the overall energy efficiency of the system. If this
key is set to true, timers created by the job will opt into less effi-
cient but more precise behavior and not be coalesced with other timers.
This key may have no effect if the job's ProcessType is not set to Inter-
active.
DEPENDENCIES
Unlike many bootstrapping daemons, launchd has no explicit dependency
model. Interdependencies are expected to be solved through the use of
IPC. It is therefore in the best interest of a job developer who expects
dependents to define all of the sockets in the configuration file. This
has the added benefit of making it possible to start the job based on
demand instead of immediately. launchd will continue to place as many
restrictions on jobs that do not conform to this model as possible.
EXAMPLE XML PROPERTY LISTS
The following XML Property List describes an on-demand daemon that will
only launch when a message arrives on the "com.example.exampled" MachSer-
vice.
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE plist PUBLIC "-//Apple Computer//DTD PLIST 1.0//EN"
"http://www.apple.com/DTDs/PropertyList-1.0.dtd">
<plist version="1.0">
<dict>
<key>Label</key>
<string>com.example.exampled</string>
<key>Program</key>
<string>/path/tp/exampled</string>
<key>ProgramArguments</key>
<array>
<string>exampled</string>
<string>argv1</string>
<string>argv2</string>
</array>
<key>MachServices</key>
<dict>
<key>com.example.exampled</key>
<true/>
</dict>
</dict>
</plist>
FILES
~/Library/LaunchAgents Per-user agents provided by the user.
/Library/LaunchAgents Per-user agents provided by the adminis-
trator.
/Library/LaunchDaemons System-wide daemons provided by the admin-
istrator.
/System/Library/LaunchAgents Per-user agents provided by OS X.
/System/Library/LaunchDaemons System-wide daemons provided by OS X.
CAVEATS
In the description of the OnDemand key, an earlier version of this manual
page said true when it meant false and said false when it meant true. You
may only ask one true/false question to determine which one is correct.
Just kidding! This version of the manual page is definitely telling the
truth.
SEE ALSO
launchctl(1), sysctl(3), launchd(8), plist(5)
Darwin 19 April, 2014 Darwin